Khalaf, Shihab Ahmed (2025) Childhood Obesity and Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation: A Review of Metabolic and Immunological Mechanisms. Central Asian Journal of Medical and Natural Science, 6 (4). ISSN 2660-4159

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Abstract

Childhood obesity has emerged from a nutritional and anthropometric issue into a metabolic and immunological disorder that is defined by chronic changes in adipose tissue biology, immune-cell function, endocrine function and systemic metabolism. Recent studies have suggested that there is a state of chronic low-grade inflammation associated with excessive adiposity in children, which may start early in childhood and lead to the development of insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, metabolic dysfunction associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), endothelial dysfunction and other cardiometabolic conditions. It is now known that adipose tissue is an active immunometabolic organ that communicates with macrophages, T lymphocytes, neutrophils, and other immune cells through hypertrophic adipocytes. This interaction alters the secretion of adipokines and inflammatory mediators such as leptin, adiponectin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β). This process is further exacerbated by oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress and activation of inflammatory signaling pathways. Meanwhile, changes in gut microbiota and intestinal barrier function could lead to systemic inflammation via gut-derived metabolites and metabolic endotoxemia. Childhood is an important developmental time window in which inflammatory and metabolic abnormalities can become biologically programmed via epigenetic changes is a key point. This review aims to highlight key mechanisms involved in childhood obesity that contribute to the development of chronic low-grade inflammation, to describe the effect on clinically relevant biomarkers and organ-specific consequences, and to explore emerging strategies for the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity. An immunometabolic perspective of obesity could help to identify and prevent or treat obesity earlier and more individually.

Item Type:	Article
Uncontrolled Keywords:	Childhood obesity, chronic low-grade inflammation, adipose tissue, insulin resistance, cytokines, adipokines, immunometabolism, oxidative stress
Subjects:	H Social Sciences
Depositing User:	admin eprints
Date Deposited:	31 Oct 2026 10:57
Last Modified:	31 Oct 2026 10:57
URI:	http://eprints.umsida.ac.id/id/eprint/17341

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